Applied Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Novel aspects of applied microbiology in relation to animal health, it is intended to describe and enhance understanding of the role of microorganisms in animal health and disease, and provides an excellent grounding in microbiology molecular biology, immunology and epidemiology. This grounding leads into the study of the complex mechanisms of host/microbe interactions that are involved in the pathogenesis of specific animal diseases, and provides insights into diagnosis and interventions, such as vaccines, essential for disease control. This is concerned with microbial (bacterial, fungal, viral) diseases of domesticated vertebrate animals (livestock, companion animals, fur-bearing animals, poultry, but excluding fish) that supply food, other useful products or companionship. In addition, Microbial diseases of wild animals living in captivity, or as members of the feral fauna will also be considered if the infections are of interest because of their interrelation with humans and/or domestic animals.

• Aquatic Animal Health
• Animal Biotechnology
• Zoonoses

The collection of microbes living in and on our body - have a significant impact on human health and well-being. They have been associated with numerous diseases, yet we have barely understood their role in the context of life-style and genetics. Various initiatives are underway around the world to survey the human micro biota at several body sites, characterise them, understand their interactions with the human hosts, elucidate their role in diseases, and design possible therapeutic or dietary interventions.

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  Infectious disease


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  Gastrointestinal malignancy

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Public health aims to improve the quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease, including mental health. This is done through the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behaviours. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, medical assistants, public health nurses, midwives or medical microbiologists. Depending on the need environmental health officers or public health inspectors, bioethicists, and even veterinarians, Gender experts, Sexual and reproductive health specialists.

The study of the microorganisms of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host is generally known as Oral Microbiology. The growth of characteristics microorganisms depends on the environment present in the human mouth found there. Oral bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and modify the host.  Water, nutrients as well as a moderate temperature are some of the common source provided for the survival of these microbes. The resident microbes present in the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist the mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach. After reaching to stomach the acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.

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  Periodontal disease


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  Cell-cell communication


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  Vaccination against oral infections


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  Role in non-oral disease


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  Other Micro biota

Rapid identification of microorganisms in the clinical microbiology can be of great value for selection of optimal patient management strategies for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria, and parasites. Rapid identification of microorganisms in clinical samples enables expedient de-escalation from broad-spectrum agents to targeted antimicrobial therapy. The switch to tailored therapy minimizes risks of antibiotics, namely, disruption of normal flora, toxic side effects, and selective pressure. There is a critical need for new technologies in clinical microbiology, particularly for bloodstream infections, in which associated mortality is among the highest of all infections. Just as importantly, there is a need for the clinical laboratory community to embrace the practices of evidence-based interventional laboratory medicine and collaborate in translational research projects to establish the clinical utility, cost benefit, and impact of new technologies.

Immunology is the branch of science concerned with the various aspects related to immune system, innate and acquired immunity and immunology also deals with laboratory techniques involving the interaction of antigens with specific antibodies. Microbiology is the branch of science dealing with the study of various microorganisms. Microbiology involves the study of their structure and various physical, chemical and biological characteristics pertaining to their capability to cause a disease. Medical diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. Laboratory tests may identify organisms directly (e.g., visually, using a microscope, growing the organism in culture) or indirectly (e.g., identifying antibodies to the organism). General types of tests include Microscopy, Culture, Immunologic tests (agglutination tests such as latex agglutination, enzyme immunoassays, Western blot, precipitation tests, and complement fixation tests) and Nucleic acid/ Non-nucleic acid –based identification methods. Sub-types of diagnoses include: Clinical, Laboratory, Radiology, Principal and admitting diagnosis. Advanced methods have been implemented to diagnose the infection in any part of the body. Examples include Biomarkers/ ELISA test/ Chest X ray/ Skin biopsy/ Tympanometry and Tympanocentesis.

Infection prevention and control is required to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases in all health care settings. Infection prevention and control demands a basic understanding of the epidemiology of diseases; risk factors that increase patient susceptibility to infection; and the practices, procedures and treatments that may result in infections. The risk of acquiring a health care-associated infection is related to the mode of transmission of the infectious agent, the type of patient-care activity or procedure being performed and the underlying patient’s host defenses. Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself and others from various infectious diseases.

Marine microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, viruses and microbial eukaryotes) in the marine environment, including their biodiversity, ecology and biogeochemistry. The use of met genomics has been fundamental in revealing the abundance and composition of marine microbial ecosystems.

Medical microbiology is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. Medical microbiologists deal with clinical consultations on the investigation, principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases; the scientific development, administrative and medical direction of a clinical microbiology laboratory; the establishment and direction of infection control programs across the continuum of care; communicable disease prevention and epidemiology and related public health issues.

Biofuel is energy source made of living things, or the waste that living things turn out. Supporters of biofuels argue that their use might considerably cut back greenhouse emissions; whereas burning the fuels produces CO2, growing the plants or biomass removes carbon diozide from the atmosphere. A biofuel could be a fuel that's created through up to date biological processes, like agriculture and anaerobic digestion, instead of a fuel created by geologic processes like those concerned within the formation of fossil fuels, like coal and crude oil, from prehistoric biological matter.

Rapid identification of microorganisms in the clinical microbiology can be of great value for selection of optimal patient management strategies for infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria, and parasites. Rapid identification of microorganisms in clinical samples enables expedient de-escalation from broad-spectrum agents to targeted antimicrobial therapy. The switch to tailored therapy minimizes risks of antibiotics, namely, disruption of normal flora, toxic side effects, and selective pressure. There is a critical need for new technologies in clinical microbiology, particularly for bloodstream infections, in which associated mortality is among the highest of all infections. Just as importantly, there is a need for the clinical laboratory community to embrace the practices of evidence-based interventional laboratory medicine and collaborate in translational research projects to establish the clinical utility, cost benefit, and impact of new technologies.

Enzymes are considered as a potential biocatalyst for a large number of reactions. Particularly, the microbial enzymes have widespread uses in industries and medicine. The microbial enzymes are also more active and stable than plant and animal enzymes. In addition, the microorganisms represent an alternative source of enzymes because they can be cultured in large quantities in a short time by fermentation and owing to their biochemical diversity and susceptibility to gene manipulation. Industries are looking for new microbial strains in order to produce different enzymes to fulfill the current enzyme requirements.

Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution, frequency and factors responsible for the spread of disease in a defined population. The most common microorganisms responsible for epidemics are S. typhi, SARS virus and protozoans.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and remember it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

Molecular microbiology is the branch of microbiology devoted to the study of the molecular basis of the physiological processes that occur in microorganisms. It deals with molecular mechanisms and physiological processes of microbes and their utilization in production of biotechnology products and medicines such as vaccines, antibodies. It also involves advancement in pathogenicity of microbes.

Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host). This ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and the overt damage done to the host is a property of the host-pathogen interactions. Commensals and opportunistic pathogens lack this inherent ability to cause disease. However, disease is not an inevitable outcome of the host-pathogen interaction and, furthermore, pathogens can express a wide range of virulence. Virulence, a term often used interchangeably with pathogenicity, refers to the degree of pathology caused by the organism. The extent of the virulence is usually correlated with the ability of the pathogen to multiply within the host and may be affected by other factors. The development of a disease state is a dynamic process that is dependent on the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the host. It covers biology, host-pathogen interaction and medicine associated with infectious agents, as well as microorganism, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Microbic pathological process is committed to the study of the genomic, molecular and cellular bases of clinical infectious diseases.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms that is concerned within the manufacture of prescribed drugs. Alternative aspects of pharmaceutical biological science embrace the analysis and development of anti-infective agents, the employment of microorganisms to sight agent and malignant neoplastic disease activity in prospective medication, and therefore the use of microorganisms within the manufacture of pharmaceutical product like endocrine and human growth hormone.

Predictive microbiology is the branch of microbiology that is concerned with mathematical or quantitative analysis of factors that influence the chemical, reproductive and physical behaviour of microorganisms. The response of each microorganism is different in different environments therefore the study helps to predict the survival rate and response of those microorganisms in different environments.  

Public health microbiology is the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms that can be harmful or beneficial for the human health. The topic has always been well represented at the medical microbiology conferences. Medical microbiology deals with the pathogenic microbes henceforth study of microbes for the healthy living of public is an important issue.

The Public Health and Microbiology concentration includes studies in microbial pathogenesis, principles of public health, epidemiology, molecular genetics, virology, and environmental and industrial microbial processes. This concentration prepares students for technical work or graduate school in microbial disease systems using polymerase chain reaction, other molecular diagnostic tools as well as environmental and industrial applications of microbial systems.

The most critical commitment of microbiology to the pharmaceutical business is the improvement of anti-infection agents. All anti-infection agents were initially the results of microbial digestion; however the recent research has enabled the production of more improved medications. Vaccines are likewise an important contribution of microbiology towards the drug development. Vaccine production usually requires culturing of huge amounts of bacteria. Steroids are also produced from microorganisms. Microbiology also contributes towards quality control of a pharmaceutical.

Probiotics are contained with a range of food and nutrition products such as dietary supplements, medicinal foods, biopharmaceuticals and medical devices delivering probiotics. Prebiotics foods are taken as dietary ingredients to maintain the Biological Symbiosis with the microbial flora. Dietary supplements created through the synergism of Pro and Pre-biotic are the Synbiotics. The nutrition supplemented with the beneficial microbial flora and the associated microbiome in human gut, restoring the human digestive system as a whole is said to be the “Probiotics”.

Pure Microbiology which provides a major platform of a large plethora of research and plenty of new insights into different areas of Microbiology.  There are different branches of Microbiology such as, mycology, Virology, Immunology, infectious diseases, bacteriology, nematology, parasitology, etc. In against of pathogenic bacteria which can we used that is antibiotics either orally or paternally. The USA has about $66.28 billion worth of antibiotics that are manufactured annually, is expected to attain $75 billion by the end of 2023.

• Microbial Interactions
• Impact of microbial ecology
• Parasitology, Nematology
• Systems Microbiology
• Generation Microbiology
• Quality Assurance Reporting and Survelliance system
• Gut Microbiota transplantations

The science and study of bacterium and their regard to medication and to alternative areas like agriculture (e.g., farm animals) and business. Bacteriology may be a part of biological science that encompasses the study of bacterium, viruses, and every one alternative type of microorganisms.

Environmental biology is that the study of the composition and physiology of microbe communities within the atmosphere. The atmosphere during this case means that the soil, water, air and sediments covering the earth and may additionally embrace the animals and plants that inhabit these areas. Environmental biology additionally includes the study of microorganisms that exist in artificial environments like bioreactors. Molecular biology has revolutionized the study of microorganisms within the atmosphere and improved our understanding of the composition, phylogeny, and physiology of microbe communities. This molecular tool case encompasses a spread of DNA-based technologies and new strategies for the study of polymer and proteins extracted from environmental samples. Presently there's a serious stress on the applying  approaches to see the identities and functions of microbes inhabiting totally different atmosphere.

Applied microbiology is a scientific discipline that deals with the application of microorganisms and the cognizance about them. Applications include biotechnology, agriculture, medicine, aliment microbiology and bio remediation. Systematic and Applied Microbiology deals with sundry aspects of microbial diversity and systematics of prokaryotes.

• Protein engineering
• Bioremediation
• Food microbiology
• Plant microbiology